Code Examples for

Programming in Scala

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23 For Expressions Revisited

Sample run of chapter's interpreter examples


scala> case class Person(name: String, isMale: Boolean, children: Person*)
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala val lara = Person("Lara", false) val bob = Person("Bob", true) val julie = Person("Julie", false, lara, bob) val persons = List(lara, bob, julie)
scala> persons filter (p => !p.isMale) flatMap (p => | (p.children map (c => (p.name, c.name)))) res5: List[(String, String)] = List((Julie,Lara), (Julie,Bob))
scala> for (p <- persons; if !p.isMale; c <- p.children) | yield (p.name, c.name) res6: List[(String, String)] = List((Julie,Lara), (Julie,Bob))

23.1 For expressions


for ( seq ) yield expr
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala for (p <- persons; n = p.name; if (n startsWith "To")) yield n
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala for { p <- persons // a generator n = p.name // a definition if (n startsWith "To") // a filter } yield n
pat <- expr
pat = expr
val x = expr
if expr
scala> for (x <- List(1, 2); y <- List("one", "two")) | yield (x, y) res0: List[(Int, java.lang.String)] = List((1,one), (1,two), (2,one), (2,two))

23.2 The n-queens problem


// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala def queens(n: Int): List[List[(Int, Int)]] = { def placeQueens(k: Int): List[List[(Int, Int)]] = if (k == 0) List(List()) else for { queens <- placeQueens(k - 1) column <- 1 to n queen = (k, column) if isSafe(queen, queens) } yield queen :: queens placeQueens(n) }
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala def isSafe(queen: (Int, Int), queens: List[(Int, Int)]) = queens forall (q => !inCheck(queen, q)) def inCheck(q1: (Int, Int), q2: (Int, Int)) = q1._1 == q2._1 || // same row q1._2 == q2._2 || // same column (q1._1 - q2._1).abs == (q1._2 - q2._2).abs // on diagonal

23.3 Querying with for expressions


case class Book(title: String, authors: String*)
val books: List[Book] = List( Book( "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs", "Abelson, Harold", "Sussman, Gerald J." ), Book( "Principles of Compiler Design", "Aho, Alfred", "Ullman, Jeffrey" ), Book( "Programming in Modula-2", "Wirth, Niklaus" ), Book( "Elements of ML Programming", "Ullman, Jeffrey" ), Book( "The Java Language Specification", "Gosling, James", "Joy, Bill", "Steele, Guy", "Bracha, Gilad" ) )
scala> for (b <- books; a <- b.authors | if a startsWith "Gosling") | yield b.title res0: List[String] = List(The Java Language Specification)
scala> for (b <- books if (b.title indexOf "Program") >= 0) | yield b.title res4: List[String] = List(Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, Programming in Modula-2, Elements of ML Programming)
scala> for (b1 <- books; b2 <- books if b1 != b2; | a1 <- b1.authors; a2 <- b2.authors if a1 == a2) | yield a1 res5: List[String] = List(Ullman, Jeffrey, Ullman, Jeffrey)
scala> def removeDuplicates[A](xs: List[A]): List[A] = { | if (xs.isEmpty) xs | else | xs.head :: removeDuplicates( | xs.tail filter (x => x != xs.head) | ) | } removeDuplicates: [A](List[A])List[A] scala> removeDuplicates(res5) res6: List[java.lang.String] = List(Ullman, Jeffrey)
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala xs.head :: removeDuplicates( for (x <- xs.tail if x != xs.head) yield x )

23.4 Translation of for expressions


for (b1 <- books; b2 <- books if b1 != b2; a1 <- b1.authors; a2 <- b2.authors if a1 == a2) yield a1
books flatMap (b1 => books filter (b2 => b1 != b2) flatMap (b2 => b1.authors flatMap (a1 => b2.authors filter (a2 => a1 == a2) map (a2 => a1))))
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala for (x <- 1 to 1000; y = expensiveComputationNotInvolvingX) yield x * y
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala val y = expensiveComputationNotInvolvingX for (x <- 1 to 1000) yield x * y
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala var sum = 0 for (xs <- xss; x <- xs) sum += x
// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala var sum = 0 xss foreach (xs => xs foreach (x => sum += x))

23.5 Going the other way


// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala object Demo { def map[A, B](xs: List[A], f: A => B): List[B] = for (x <- xs) yield f(x) def flatMap[A, B](xs: List[A], f: A => List[B]): List[B] = for (x <- xs; y <- f(x)) yield y def filter[A](xs: List[A], p: A => Boolean): List[A] = for (x <- xs if p(x)) yield x }

23.6 Generalizing for


// In file for-expressions/Misc.scala abstract class C[A] { def map[B](f: A => B): C[B] def flatMap[B](f: A => C[B]): C[B] def filter(p: A => Boolean): C[A] def foreach(b: A => Unit): Unit }

23.7 Conclusion

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