Code Examples for

Programming in Scala, Second Edition

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11 Scala's Hierarchy

Sample run of chapter's interpreter examples

11.1 Scala's class hierarchy


final def ==(that: Any): Boolean final def !=(that: Any): Boolean def equals(that: Any): Boolean def ##: Int def hashCode: Int def toString: String
scala> new Int
<console>:5: error: class Int is abstract; cannot be instantiated new Int ^
scala> 42.toString res1: java.lang.String = 42 scala> 42.hashCode res2: Int = 42 scala> 42 equals 42 res3: Boolean = true
scala> 42 max 43 res4: Int = 43 scala> 42 min 43 res5: Int = 42 scala> 1 until 5 res6: Range = Range(1, 2, 3, 4) scala> 1 to 5 res7: Range.Inclusive = Range(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) scala> 3.abs res8: Int = 3 scala> (-3).abs res9: Int = 3

11.2 How primitives are implemented


// In file hierarchy/Ex1.java // This is Java boolean isEqual(int x, int y) { return x == y; } System.out.println(isEqual(421, 421));
// In file hierarchy/Ex2.java // This is Java boolean isEqual(Integer x, Integer y) { return x == y; } System.out.println(isEqual(421, 421));
scala> def isEqual(x: Int, y: Int) = x == y isEqual: (Int,Int)Boolean scala> isEqual(421, 421) res10: Boolean = true scala> def isEqual(x: Any, y: Any) = x == y isEqual: (Any,Any)Boolean scala> isEqual(421, 421) res11: Boolean = true
scala> val x = "abcd".substring(2) x: java.lang.String = cd scala> val y = "abcd".substring(2) y: java.lang.String = cd scala> x == y res12: Boolean = true
scala> val x = new String("abc") x: java.lang.String = abc scala> val y = new String("abc") y: java.lang.String = abc scala> x == y res13: Boolean = true scala> x eq y res14: Boolean = false scala> x ne y res15: Boolean = true

11.3 Bottom types


scala> val i: Int = null <console>:4: error: type mismatch; found : Null(null) required: Int
def error(message: String): Nothing = throw new RuntimeException(message)
// In file hierarchy/Ex3.scala def divide(x: Int, y: Int): Int = if (y != 0) x / y else error("can't divide by zero")

11.4 Conclusion

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